During emotional states, epinephrine and norepinephrine are released because of activation of which of the following? According to social-cognitive theorists, sexual orientation can be attributed to: observational learning. c. Stage of exhaustion. c. The set point moves upward leading to an increased likelihood of gaining weight. By electrically stimulating part of the brain of a laboratory rat a scientist has caused the rat to lose all interest in food. [6], The neurotransmitter glutamate and the endocannabinoids (e.g., anandamide) and the orexin neuropeptides orexin-A and orexin-B are the primary signaling neurochemicals in orexin neurons;[3][4][7] pathway-specific neurochemicals include GABA, melanin-concentrating hormone, nociceptin, glucose, the dynorphin peptides, and the appetite-regulating peptide hormones leptin and ghrelin, among others. a. hippocampus b. thalamus c. hypothalamus d. a. (c) acquired drives. b. corpus callosum. Lateral hypothalamus function d. drive reduction signals. by Unknown author when the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed rats will quizlethuntsville achievement school Posted on December 16, 2021.. Posted in why is georgina staring at herself in the reflection?. (Hint: First find the threshold kinetic energy for the proton and the Coulomb barrier. C)Instincts;William James What does the lateral . All Rights Reserved. When the lateral hypothalamus of a rat is destroyed, it may most likely: Select one: a. eat until it doubles in size. | break off survey | $.258$ | $.202$ | 3. What will happen if the lateral hypothalamus of an animal is damaged? tallest spider-man in comics. It is known that the VMH is associated with the regulation of feeding behavior and satiety. What happened over time to the rats who had their ventromedial hypothalamus destroyed? If the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed, an organism will no longer experience the feeling of hunger. b) Pons. Damage or destruction of this nucleus causes hyperthermia. "The hypocretins/orexins: integrators of multiple physiological functions", "Cannabinoid-hypocretin cross-talk in the central nervous system: what we know so far", Figure 1: Schematic of brain CB1 expression and orexinergic neurons expressing OX1 or OX2, Figure 2: Synaptic signaling mechanisms in cannabinoid and orexin systems, Figure 3: Schematic of brain pathways involved in food intake, "Antinociceptive action against colonic distension by brain orexin in conscious rats", "Orexin-A controls sympathetic activity and eating behavior", "The endocannabinoid system: directing eating behavior and macronutrient metabolism", "OX1 and OX2 orexin/hypocretin receptor pharmacogenetics", "Organization of connections between the amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, and lateral hypothalamus: a single and double retrograde tracing study in rats", University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, "Orexin, cardio-respiratory function, and hypertension", "Cannabinoid receptor 1 signaling in cardiovascular regulating nuclei in the brainstem: A review", "A pivotal role for enhanced brainstem Orexin receptor 1 signaling in the central cannabinoid receptor 1-mediated pressor response in conscious rats", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lateral_hypothalamus&oldid=1087515288, This page was last edited on 12 May 2022, at 22:59. When studying motivated behavior, including eating, rats can be used to predict human behavior because the _____ in a rat's brain is similar to that of a human. nato act chief of staff lateral hypothalamus destroyed. a. feeling satiated or full b. feeling hungry c. stomach walls that are distended d. increased levels of CCK, If all the efferent neurons were removed from your nervous system, you would be unable to: a. process language b. move your body c. solve complex problems d. control your emotions. Sympathetic is to parasympathetic as _____. Push is to pull as __________ is to __________. The hypothalamus is divided into two sections, each of which is responsible for controlling appetite and eating. B)overeat to the point of regurgitation. What are the consequences of a damaged lateral hypothalamus? a. changes in blood sugar level b. stomach contractions c. hypothalamic signals d. salivation, Which area of the brain contains both the feeding center and the satiety center? c. Fill in the blank with correct word. The eating behavior of the aphagic rat suggests there is a. an "on" center for eating in the lateral hypothalamus. An early belief was that hunger was caused by stomach contractions, _______. His problem is explained by ___________________. Which theory claims that emotions are organized in the brain and that emotional feelings and bodily expressions occur simultaneously? [2][8] The histaminergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, and cholinergic nuclei which the lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons project onto constitute the primary components of the ascending reticular activating system. Food and water are refused by an animal after it has suffered damage to the lateral hypothalamus. What other brain sites are known to be involved in eating behavior? C)reinforcer. [17] This has been identified as the mechanism responsible for narcoleptic symptoms. The thalamus plays a central role in producing emotions. When the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed rats will stop eating and drinking. Ghrelin is a hormone that increases appetite, and also plays a role in body weight. (a) activates; depresses (b) motivates; satisfies (c) encourages; ceases (d) depresses; activates, The ventromedial hypothalamus \rule{1in}{.2mm} hunger while the lateral hypothalamus \rule{1in}{.2mm} hunger. c. has sent dopamine neurotransmitter, When you are hungry, your stomach lining produces a hormone that activates your lateral hypothalamus. 2. Manage all your favorite fandoms in one place! a. pancreas, stomach b. fat cells, hypothalamus c. satiety, hunger d. hunger, satiety. c. the hypothalamus. d. the sugar level of the blood being low. B)impaired thyroid activity. Rats who have had their lateral or ventromedial hypothalamus destroyed, begin to lose weight if they initially gained weight, or gain weight if they initially lost weight. The hypothalamus is composed of several groups of nuclei which contain neurons that respond to either neural input from widespread regions of the nervous system or non-neural . TS6. As tasks get easier, their incentive values decrease for people with a high need for achievement because _____. Food and water are refused by an animal after it has suffered damage to the lateral hypothalamus. Motivation and emotion are two significant areas of interest that are covered in psychology. \\ Internal chemical signals, such as the hormone CCK, that reduce our desire to eat are called {Blank}. a. thalamus b. reticular formation c. hypothalamus d. septum, A researcher places an electrode in a cat's limbic system, which he activates. Drink more water than biologically needed. The polygraph operator is likely measuring ____ among other things. Jason seeks food at 2 a.m.when he feels hungry.According to neo-behaviorists,hunger is a(n): (d) stop eating. Who is MOST at risk for anorexia? What two acts result in a DECREASE in the amount of food consumed by a rat? Separate thirst and thirst satiety systems are located in the a. pituitary gland. A)Motives;Walter Cannon The destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamus leads in a persistent sense of hunger that persists long after a meal has been consumed. Differences among emotions at the biological level are characterized by which of the following? What does the hypothalamus do? The lateral hypothalamus, when stimulated, causes the feeling of hunger. This is a super interesting psychology quiz! once one has enough money, comforts, etc. Ten-day-old rats with unilateral damage to the lateral hypothalamus show retarded growth, food and water intake regulatory deficits, and altered sensitivity to quinine adulteration of the water for up to 60 days of age. The ad captured Wildes attention, in part, because he recently had been concerned that the interest charges incurred by his business were getting out of line. The theory is not credible because cataplexy involves paralysis, not unconsciousness. Sold merchandise on account to Trailor Stores, $3,248.00, plus sales tax. Individuals who score high in the need for achievement do all of the following except _____. The posterior region is formed by a medial and, respectively, lateral area. It is involved in feeding, drinking, body-weight regulation and circadian activity. The need to master difficult challenges, outperform others, and meet high standards of excellence is referred to as the ____ motive. c. the olfactory sense is disrupted. Pain avoidance is a response to a. hunger pangs. d. serotonin binds with receptors in the hypothalamus. | :--- | :---: | :---: | Without these emotions rats will simply exist in a state of apathy which can eventually lead to death. If an overweight adult was overfed as a child, as an adult he or she will have __________ fat cells. refuse to eat until force-fed. Which of the following peieces of advice might be useful? d. fever causes one to salivate too much. Study now. "I believe the person in the picture wants to be a top performer in his company" might be part of what is said by ______. Two of the most commonly noted functions of orexin peptides in the lateral hypothalamus are the promotion of feeding behavior and arousal (i.e., wakefulness). A rats brain can be stimulated or damaged using an electrode that has been implanted in the animals skull. 26. The lateral hypothalamus responds to any internal or external stimulation that causes you to feel hungry. The hypothalamus plays a key role in hunger regulation in that it is a brain center that: a. drops the sugar level of the blood b. launches the conversion of glycogen into glucose c. regulates the pleasure in eating d. signals hunger and satiety, Critically evaluate the roles of the lateral hypothalamus and ventromedial hypothalamus in hunger and satiety. The presence of tasty or abundant food leads to _____. God Complex Test: Do I Have A God Complex? c. serotonin binds with receptors in the amygdala. If the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed, a rat will, If the ventromedial hypothalamus is destroyed, a rat will. d. The release of CCK is suppres, The satiety center of the brain is found in the [{Blank}]of the hypothalamus. The findings imply that the LHA of rats is structured and operating in an adult-like way by the time they reach the age of at least 25 days. Cholecystokinin (CCK) was the first gut-secreted peptide to be identified as a satiety factor [15]. A) antidiuretic hormone. [3][6] More generally, the orexinergic neural projections of the lateral hypothalamus are involved in thermoregulation, regulating gastrointestinal motility and gastrointestinal function by way of the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve, reducing pain and nociception through several output structures (e.g., periaqueductal gray matter), modulating the rewarding property of stimuli through the ventral tegmental area projections and other outputs in the reward system, regulating energy homeostasis and neuroendocrine functions (e.g., HPA axis, HPG axis, and HPT axis) through other hypothalamic outputs, and regulating visceral functions (e.g., respiration, blood pressure, and urination) via a group of structures in the brain stem, among other functions. A)Ryan,a 16-year-old on the swim team There is no known way to prevent a destroyed lateral hypothalamus. Which of the following is an assumption of arousal theory? Fear and the Ventromedial Hypothalamus Fear is defined as an emotional response to a perceived threat and involves a fight (offensive) or flight (defensive) response. d. all of the above, In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome would one find animals with enlarged and discolored adrenal glands, stomach ulcers, and intense shrinkage of the thymus and spleen? It is a highly conserved nucleus across species and a good model for studying neuronal organization into nuclei. Alarm reaction. PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar. Internal chemical signals that reduce our desire to eat are called: a. ghrelin signals. After youve eaten, the ventromedial hypothalamus transmits signals to your brain to let you know when youre satisfied and have consumed enough calories. b. leptin binds with receptors in the hypothalamus. In an acute experiment, the authors electrically stimulated at 100 Hz and 0, 25, 50 and 75% of the maximal stimulation amplitude (that is, the amplitude leading to severe side effects) in the lateral hypothalamus on consecutive days during 4 test sessions in 10 rats and evaluated food intake and locomotor activity. _____ are viewed as increasingly intense experiences of the same primary emotion. a. thalamus b. reticular formation c. hypothalamus d. septu, Lesioning (destroying) which part of the brain in a laboratory rat will cause the rat to eat continuously and balloon to several times its normal weight? [4] Unique functional interactions have been noted as well, such as an OX1-induced CB1 pressor response in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. d. corpus callosum. The James-Lange theory of emotion would assert which of the following, you are fearful because your pulse is racing, Walter Cannon argue that _____ precede the conscious experience of emotion, The ____ theory argues that emotion occurs when subcortical brain structures simultaneously send messages to the cortex and the autonomic nervous system, In the 1960s, Stanley Schachter argued that people looked at ____ cues to differentiate between alternative emotions, Schachter says that the experience of emotion depends on two factors including, autonomic arousal and cognitive appraisal, Which theory of emotion is demonstrated by this statement, "I feel happy because I am laughing.". the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Intrinsic motivation occurs when ________________. b. stop eating. B)esteem d. stop eating. A structure in the limbic. Required fields are marked *. On a certain calm day, a mild inversion causes the atmospheric temperature to remain constant at $85^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ between sea level and $16,000\ \mathrm{ft}$ altitude. Those gonadotropic cells produce FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH) and release them into the peripheral circulation. b. weight dropping below the body's 'set point'. Zero level of arousal is the most desirable. When leptin binds with receptors in the hypothalamus, this: a. increases the reward value of food. Eating something that is really pleasant might also cause satiety to be delayed. (b) the hypothalamus. It is prone to being twisted, stretched, or torn if there is impact to the brain. Bilateral lesions of the lateral hypothalamus result in a reduction in eating behavior in the patient. All Rights Reserved. Maladaptive Daydreaming Test: Am I A Maladaptive Daydreamer? She is of the MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States. This hormone is called [{Blank}]. Electrolytic lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) produce an obesity syndrome characterized by hyperphagia, adiposity, and heightened parasympathetic tone. A)become extremely thirsty but not necessarily hungry. The hypothalamus is a paired structure that forms part of the diencephalon.It sits below the hypothalamic sulcus within the medial wall of the third ventricle, which separates the hypothalamus from the thalamus above. Activity in the occipital and parietal lobes happens simultaneously to produce emotion. The primary function of these cells is to produce and secrete the peptide hormone vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin. The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) is important in the regulation of female sexual behavior, feeding, energy balance, and cardiovascular function. d. been connected with one's pheromones. [4][9][10], The orexinergic projections from the lateral hypothalamus innervate the entirety of the remainder of the hypothalamus, with robust projections to the posterior hypothalamus, tuberomammillary nucleus (the histamine projection nucleus), the arcuate nucleus, and the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. d. a lowered basal metabolism. This can lead to serious consequences as they will no longer be able to experience the positive emotions that motivate them to seek out food and water or the negative emotions that motivate them to avoid danger. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the possibility that these symptoms arise from damage to distinct and separated loci within the hypothalamus. Of bodily activity approximately 24 hours in length. It is a nucleus that is highly conserved across species and serves as an excellent model for the study of neuronal organizing into nuclei. Many psychologists believe that the connection between motivation and emotion came to fruition for a few reasons. A)press a bar for food to the point of exhaustion.B)overeat to the point of regurgitation.C)starve to death in a cage full of food.D)eat excessive amounts of sugary food but avoid foods high in protein. hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus, protein hormone secreted by fat cells, causing brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger, digestive tract hormone, im not hungry to brain, viruses, cancer cells, foreign substances, release antibodies that fight bacterial infections, responsible for an animal who will not eat at all, biologically driven motivational processes. The order of sensitivity to the four basic taste sensations may have a. helped prevent malnutrition. The stop eating center is the ________. You are walking down a deserted alley late at night, and you hear a sudden noise to your left. Learn about hypothalamus function and hypothalamus location, along with the hormones produced by the hypothalamus and their roles. die from problems with food consumption despite interventions from . \textbf{Identify the statements below as either true or false.} C)safety and security University Designs sells custom imprinted products. D)eat excessive amounts of sugary food but avoid foods high in protein. The ventromedial hypothalamus is involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating. The LH caused a decrease in food consumption and body weight, but the VH caused a rise in food consumption and body weight. Received cash on account from Jenkins & Sanders LLP, covering S312 for$945.00. The arcuate or infundibular nucleus is responsible for orexigenic peptides secretion: ghrelin, orexin, or neuropeptide Y [11]. Spoiler Answer Quote Topic Tags Motivation Emotion Forum Jump: Previous Topic Next Topic 76. In Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, achievement needs _____. One area of the brain that is responsible for these emotions is the lateral hypothalamus. muscular endurance disorder characterized by declining bone density due to calcium loss. A)binge eating disorder. The factors that influence response rates were investigated in Survey Methodology (December 2013). c. cortical region of the pons. After determining the kinetic energy, determine the temperature.). The hypothalamus on the lateral side. A starving rat will lose interest in food if its What is destroyed? This statement would support which of the following? All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. When the lateral hypothalamus was destroyed, rats typically ______. release antibodies that fight bacterial infections macrophages ingest harmful invaders lateral hypothalamus responsible for an animal who will not eat at all Ventromedial hypothalamus eats uncontrollably hypothalamus biologically driven motivational processes Cannon Bard theory The thalamus plays a central role in producing emotions. [2][3] In addition to the histaminergic nucleus, the orexin system also projects onto the ventral tegmental area dopamine nucleus, locus ceruleus noradrenergic nucleus, the serotonergic raphe nuclei, and cholinergic pedunculopontine nucleus and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. Which theory of emotion holds the view that bodily changes PRECEDE emotion and that we experience an emotion AFTER our body reacts? Let' start then. a. hypothalamus b. thalamus c. cerebrum d. cerebellum, The nervous system is to .. as the endocrine system is to .. a. growth and development; sleep and hunger b. sleep and hunger; growth and development c. prolonged; brief d. fast-acting; slow acting, You and your research team are studying electrical stimulation of the brain. The lateral hypothalamus in Jacob's brain just received an orexigenic signal.Jacob probably: Graduated from ENSAT (national agronomic school of Toulouse) in plant sciences in 2018, I pursued a CIFRE doctorate under contract with SunAgri and INRAE in Avignon between 2019 and 2022. Business executives tend to ____ than others in the need for achievement, People who score high in the need for achievement tend to attempt tasks that have a ____ degree of difficulty. If the ventromedial hypothalamus is destroyed, a rat will ______________. What is the relationship between leptin, the VMH, and eating behavior? B)Drives;Charles Darwin Which nervous system controls skeletal muscles and allows the body to interact with the external environment? In a designed study, Web users were directed to participate in one of several surveys with different formats. The amygdala is commonly thought to form the core of a neural system for processing fearful and threatening stimuli (4), including detection of threat and activation of appropriate fear-related behaviors in response to threatening or dangerous stimuli. Plutchik's Model shows how different emotions might involve ______. It is said in the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion that emotionally stimulating events cause feelings and bodily reactions to occur at the same time as they occur. Although subcortical structures are crucial to emotion, cognitive appraisals of events that trigger emotions appear to occur in the _____. d. eat until it doubles in size. 9. (b) become hyperphagic. The results of this experiment revealed a number of interesting facts about these two areas of the hypothalamus and how they control food intake. more problems occur, regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger, After an alarming event, your temperature, blood pressure, and respiration are high, and you. b. become hyperphagic. The hypothalamus is a grape-sized structure in the forebrain that \\ a. controls posture, muscle tone, and coordination and stores skill memories. The "break-off rates," i.e., the proportion of sampled users who break off the survey before completing all questions, for the two formats are provided in the table. For example, one format utilized a welcome screen with a white background and another format utilized a welcome screen with a red background. a. thyroid gland b. thymus c. pineal gland d. hippocampus, Damage to the can prevent an individual from being aroused and possibly lead to a coma. a. eating b. not eating c. high levels of insulin d. low levels of leptin, The hypothalamus ____. The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus is a nucleus of the hypothalamus. How long can rats survive without food and water? Gorging on food and then vomiting or taking laxatives to avoid gaining weight is called _______________. Optimal levels of arousal exist for various activities. 16. b. become hyperphagic. This causes certain neurons in the brain to fire in unison, creating the sensation of hunger. Similar to a body's thermostat for blood sugar. neural circuits Can Helicobacter pylori be caused by stress? His final three years of annual salaries were D, E, and F dollars. d) Ventromedial hypothalamus. When you are hungry, your stomach lining produces ghrelin, a hormone that activates your a. lateral hypothalamus. It also plays a role in the learning of movement. S322. _____. A. stops feelings of hunger B. is made by the liver C. is produced by the pancreas D. has no short-term effect on feelings of hunger, The feeding center of the brain is found in the [{Blank}] of the hypothalamus. A lab rat had part of its hypothalamus destroyed. . a. removing a person's stomach. One area of the brain that is responsible for these emotions is the lateral hypothalamus. All rights reserved. a. hypothalamus b. pituitary gland c. amygdala d. thyroid gland. d. characterized by all of these. A)just finished a large meal consisting of predominantly protein and fat. Pain avoidance is a response to (a) hunger pangs. Which theory of emotion is demonstrated by this statement, "I'm afraid because I am shaking". Questions and Answers for [Solved] When the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed,rats will: A)press a bar for food to the point of exhaustion. Which theory of emotion is demonstrated by this statement, "I label my laughing as anxiety since I'm in the middle of giving a speech in class". if the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed, a rat will. Electrically stimulating the lateral hypothalamus will cause a rat to a. start eating. (c) blood sugar level. Plutchik has devised a model that explains the diversity of emotions by demonstrating that _____ emotions blend into ___ emotions. A)belongingness and love There have been many studies conducted on rats in order to understand the role of the lateral hypothalamus in emotion. A subject in an experiment is sleep-deprived for three days, getting only an average of 2 hours of sleep per night. \\ a. the hypothalamus b. the lateral, Which of the following provide peripheral hunger cues? a. hypothalamus b. thalamus c. cerebrum d. cerebellum, By altering metabolism, which gland can have a sizable effect on personality with overactivity of this gland causing excitability and nervousness and underactivity of this gland causing one to be lethargic and sleepy? D)want. (b) become hyperphagic. Once youve eaten, the ventromedial hypothalamus sends signals telling you when youre feeling full and have had enough food. Lateral hypothalamus. Answer D. refuse to eat until force fed. According to the facial-feedback hypothesis, _____. The lateral hypothalamus is damaged in animals, then the animals will ? Who is at greatest risk for developing these disorders? The anterior hypothalamic nucleus is a nucleus of the hypothalamus. While reading a recent issue of Health & Fitness, a trade journal, Brandon Wilde noticed an ad for equipment he had been seeking for use in his business. c. led to cooked food. Injury to the [{Blank}] can result in a lack of motor coordination, such as stumbling and loss of muscle tone. Three evolutionary theories of emotion (by Tomkins, Izard, and Plutchik) have identified primary emotions. \\ Neuroscientists believe that receptors sensitive to the presence of food-related hormones are contained in the {Blank}. Which theory states that autonomic arousal and conscious feeling occur simultaneously because of signals from subcortical brain structures? Choose F if the statement is false.} Lateral hypothalamus is 'LT', at right, in yellow. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work in concert. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need for achievement is found among the ____. Therefore, when the blood sugar level drops, the glucostatic receptors in the blood take a message to the lateral hypothalamus, which is the feeding center of the brain. D)bulimia nervosa. In what ways is this firm different from other businesses? Psychology Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. a. maintains vegetative functions like breathing b. helps to maintain homeostasis in the body c. is critical to memory function d. is a sensory relay system, By lesioning (destroying) part of the brain of a laboratory rat a scientist has caused the rat to eat continuously and balloon to several times its normal weight. Food consumption is most closely associated with the: When an electrode has been inserted in a rat's brain it: it may be used to stimulate or damage the brain. Ralph is a district employee. More specifically, it is a necessary component for the expression of numerous behavioral and physiological circadian rhythms. Physiological needs, safety, and security. Use the appropriate compound interest formula to compute the balance in the following accounts after the stated period of time. b. become hyperphagic. When the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed, animals will stop eating and must be force-fed. We become hungry. If the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed, an organism will no longer experience the feeling of hunger. If the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed, a rat will ________________________. The lateral hypothalamus is not only an integrant part of this circuitry, but can elicit deviant and violent forms of aggression. If the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed in a starving animal, the animal will: b. become unusually sensitive to external cues for eating. copyright 2003-2023 Homework.Study.com. Are you studying psychology, or curious about this subject? a. on the lateral hypothalamus b. on the ventromedial hypothalamus c. outside of the lateral hypothalamus d. on the thalamus, The [{Blank}] is signalled when there is a drop in blood sugar due to food deprivation. If yes, then you'll find this The ventromedial nucleus is referred to as the appetite-suppressing or anorexigenic center because it has the ability to suppress hunger. $$ Your email address will not be published. the lateral hypothalamus ( lh ), also called the lateral hypothalamic area ( lha ), [1] contains the primary orexinergic nucleus within the hypothalamus that widely projects throughout the nervous system; [2] this system of neurons mediates an array of cognitive and physical processes, such as promoting feeding behavior and arousal, reducing pain
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